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A reassessment of the westward expansion by the Atlantic Vikings across the North Atlantic, AD800-1000
by
Sarah-Jane Clelland
Dissertation
University of Bradford, 2006.
The coming of the Norsemen: Reassessing the expansion of the Atlantic Vikings AD 800-1000
by
Sarah-Jane Clelland
- 17-page PowerPoint Presentation
The coming of the Norsemen: Reassessing the expansion of the Atlantic Vikings AD800-1000
by
Sarah-Jane Clelland
- 1-page Poster
The Skuldelev reconstruction project: progress and perspectives
by Athena Trakadas
"The Skuldelev find is comprised of five Viking ships scuttled in Roskilde Fjord, Denmark, in the 11th century and subsequently excavated between 1957 and 1962. Starting in 1982 with the Skuldelev 3 find, Roar Ege, the five ship-finds have been reconstructed in full-scale, culminating withSea Stallion from Glendalough (Skuldelev 2 find), built at the Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, from 2000-2004.
This paper outlines the philosophical basis and knowledge gained from such experimental maritime archaeology projects in Roskilde over the last 25 years: the practical aspects of Viking shipbuilding to resource consumption to the seaworthi-ness of the different vessel types."
"The Skuldelev reconstruction project: progress and perspectives," in F. Castro & L. Thomas (eds), ACUA Underwater Archaeology Proceedings 2011. Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology: Washington DC, 2011: 41-48.
SHIPS / SAILING / SAILS
No Wool, No Vikings The fleece that launched 1,000 ships NEW
by Claire Eamer
The Introducion of Sails to Scandinavia: Raw materials, Labour and Land
by Lise Bender Jørgensen
Viking Age Navigational Tools for Oceanic Exploration
by Kirstina Williams
Viking Ship Construction
by Kim Siddorn and Roland Williamson
"Once the tree was down, the bits that were not going to be used would be trimmed off. Almost nothing of the tree would be wasted. The bark went to tan hides and skins; the bast fibres just beneath the bark were used to make rope (...)"
Viking woollen square-sails and fabric cover factor [to PDF]
by Bill Cooke, Carol Christiansen, Lena Hammarlund
The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
Volume 31, Issue 2, September 2002, Pages 202–210
"The discovery of the five scuttled Viking ships of Roskilde Fjord in Denmark and the subsequent excavation, preservation and analysis of the remains has initiated a programme of reconstructive archaeology led by the Viking Ship Museum of Roskilde in which four of the five hulls have now been reconstructed together with their rigs and square-sails. The reconstruction of the sails has been based on fragments of heavy woollen cloth found within the roof of Trondenes church in Norway dating to the mid-13th century. This paper uses the 'cover-factor' modelling methods of modern textile engineering to analyse the 'Viking' sail fabrics and assess their strength, resilience and performance in comparison with the linen sails from the wreck of the Vasa."
Wool Sailcloth [Maritime Technology]
HEMP
Old Norse Words in the Norman Dialect
By Arnaud Le Fèvre
Meaning in English: plant which lives along the river banks (with long roots)
Old Norse (Origin): hampr (hemp)
Norman Word: han
Viking and Early Middle Ages Northern Scandinavian Textiles Proven to be made with Hemp
G. Skoglund, M. Nockert & B. Holst
[PDF]
Closed by Hand [ROPE]
A video documentary on hand made rope made from Hemp.
"In Norheimsund, Hardanger, Ingunn keeps alive the knowledge of making rope by hand, making rope for historical ships, from natural fibres. We see the process of rope making from hemp yarn to finished rope. The knowledge is physical, and the nuances small, when closing the ropes."
LIME BAST
Properties, manufacture and history of lime bast cordage in Northern Europe
by Tor Myking , Anja Hertzberg, Tore Skrøppac
[PDF]
History, manufacture and properties of lime bast cordage in northern Europe
by Tor Myking , Anja Hertzberg, Tore Skrøppac
Rope made from Lime bast [ROPE]
"Made by Ivar Fredriksson of Växiö, Sweden complete with sample of lime bast fibre. This rope, made from inner part of the bark of the Small Leaf Lime tree [Tilia Cordata ], has been used for many thousands of years. A piece of Lime bast cordage was found on the 5000 year old “Ice Man”. yet it was still being used in Northern Europe in the 20th century."
ROPES / CORDAGE
Properties, manufacture and history of lime bast cordage in Northern Europe
by Tor Myking , Anja Hertzberg, Tore Skrøppac
[PDF]
History, manufacture and properties of lime bast cordage in northern Europe
by Tor Myking , Anja Hertzberg, Tore Skrøppac
Rope made from Lime bast
"Made by Ivar Fredriksson of Växiö, Sweden complete with sample of lime bast fibre. This rope, made from inner part of the bark of the Small Leaf Lime tree [Tilia Cordata ], has been used for many thousands of years. A piece of Lime bast cordage was found on the 5000 year old “Ice Man”. yet it was still being used in Northern Europe in the 20th century."
Ropes [Maritime Technology]
"Judging from the literature and numerous archaeological finds, ropes in the Viking period and the Middle Ages, and also up to recent times, were made of lime bast, flax, hemp, heather, pine, hide and hair etc. Walrus hide was used for the halyard, shroud and stay (rosmalreip, svarðreip). Use was also made of hide rope of seal, deer, elk or ox. Horsehair (simereip) was used for the sail’s bolt rope (liksima), or for sheets, bowline, braces etc. Rope made of cow tail hair, the coarse hair from sheep fleece or pig hair (bustreip) has also been used."
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