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Please also see: Brooches & Metallic Items
"(...) much of our current knowledge of the more practical aspects of early metalworking has been gained through extensive experiments by modern craftsmen such as Anders Söderberg in Sweden and Ken Ravn Hedegaard in Denmark. Both are skilled enthusiasts who combine
archaeological training and excellent craftsmanship. Without such empirically substantiated experimental tests, other, less practically minded archaeologists are at risk of constructing theories that are both useless and tough to kill (cf. Gustafsson 2009:256pp)."
SOURCE: page 61 of Casting Identities in Central Seclusion: Aspects of non-ferrous metalworking and society on Gotland in the Early Medieval Period
by Ny Björn Gustafsson,
Doctoral Thesis in
Archaeological Science 2013
Stockholm University (177-pages, PDF)
Ravn Forhistorisk Støbeteknik / Ravn Prehistoric Casting Technique
by Ken Ravn Hedegaard
Casting
Precision lost wax casting (webpage)
Precision lost wax casting (25-page, PDF)
by Anders Söderberg
Viking Bronze
by Anders Söderberg
Scandinavian bronzecasting in the Viking Age and the Early Middle Ages
by Anders Söderberg
"The alloys: In archaeology we often carelessly speak of all copper alloys as "bronze", but it's merely classic bronze, with 90 % copper (Cu) and 10 % tin (Sn) and close related alloys, that can claim this name.
When talking about Viking "bronzes", we're actually often talking about alloys closer related to present-time brasses. Brasses are alloys of 30-40 % of zinc (Zn) added to the copper. During the first centuries BC, the Romans worked out methods of mass producing brass. At this time it wasn't possible to smelt pure zinc ore, but it was possible mix metallic copper with zinc ore and heating it until the zinc vaporised and got absorbed into the copper. The method is known as a cementation process. (Craddock 1990) "
- An excellent and very informative page on Viking Metal casting materials and technique.
The brazing package that King Olof's goldsmith forgot to open
by Anders Söderberg
"Among the tools and crucibles used in EarlyMedieval metalworking, ceramic packages for thebrazing process are among the more exciting. Inparticular, the “melting bowls” are interesting; spherical bowls of clay modelled around ironweights prior to brazing (i.e. coating them withbrass). The bowls are keys to our understandingof production sites and metrology in Early Medie-val Scandinavia.
Briefly put, the purpose of these closed cera-mic shells was to create an anaerobic environ-ment where bronze or brass would adhere to ironwithout the aid of fluxing agents. The methodwas prevalent from the Iron Age and up into his-toric times, in the brazing of padlocks which canbe plainly seen from fragments with imprints of padlocks on the inside (fig. 1; cf. Jakobsson Hol-back 1999)."
Viking Key made in a Norse Pit Furnace
- Another interesting paper on casting
Casting Moulds
Scandinavian Iron Age and Early Medieval Ceramic Moulds - Lost Wax or Not or Both?
by Anders Söderberg
- A very interesting and informative article on casting.
Metallurgic ceramics as a key to Viking Age workshop organisation (10-page, PDF) and HERE
by Anders Söderberg at Academia.edu
Published and unpublished moulds at Helgö - a brief over view (4-page, PDF)
by Jutta Waller
Central Places in the Migration and the Merovingian Periods, s. 215-218.
"A brief overview of published and unpublished moulds at Helgö in Uppland, Sweden, will tell about the different sort of artefacts they represent. The number of fragments indicates the least numbers of fragments. A big difference in size between the groups is noticed."
Casting mould with relief of armed horseman from Cordoba
by Rafael Hidalgo Prieto
- A very interesting article for metalsmiths.
Urban Crafts and Oval Brooches Style, Innovation and Social Networks in Viking Age Towns *****
by Søren Sindbæk (also, also)
"This paper discusses technological and stylistic variations in copper-alloy workshops in Viking Age towns. In the decades around year 800 a cluster of new technologies, art styles and object types, including the characteristic oval brooches, were adopted across Scandinavia. Shared details of technology indicate close communication between workshops in Ribe and Birka, yet craftspeople cultivated styles which were specific to the particular town. However, the distribution of the products is not confined to specific regions. The persistence of the stylistic choices is suggested to be a marker of professional identity among craftspeople. This could indicate that the first urban craftspeople in Scandinavia were communities with a sense of civic identity, rather than itinerant cosmopolitans."
- See page 413 for a chart, "
Fig. 2. Distribution of identified mould fragments for individual types of oval brooches in the site 'Posthuset', Ribe (Redrawn after Feveile & Jensen, 2006)."
Ceramics use in Casting
Ceramic traditions: The evidence from clay sampling at two late prehistoric sites, Birnie (Moray) and Traprain Law (East Lothian), Scotland (8-page, PDF)
by Daniel Sahlen
Ceramic technology and technological traditions: the manufacture of metalworking ceramics in late prehistoric Scotland [PDF of Abstract]
by Daniel Sahlen
Thesis, 407 pages [GoogleBooks]
University of Glasgow, 2011
"The goal of this thesis is to investigate the manufacture of metalworking ceramics in late prehistoric Scotland (ca 1000BC – AD800) from the perspective of ceramic technology and with the aim to reconstruct social and material trajectories."
"Due to Embargo and/or Third Party Copyright restrictions, this thesis is not available in this service. Printed Thesis Information"
Casting Identities in Central Seclusion: Aspects of non-ferrous metalworking and society on Gotland in the Early Medieval Period (177-pages, PDF)
by Ny Björn Gustafsson
Doctoral Thesis
Archaeological Science 2013
Stockholm University
Late Iron Age Metal Craft Ceramics at Uppåkra (28-pages, PDF)
by
Ole Stilborg
Modeling of Thermal Behavior of Ancient Metallurgical Ceramics NEW (7-page, PDF)
by
Anno Hein, Vassilis Kilikoglou
Heat transfer properties of pyrotechnical ceramics used in ancient metallurgy NEW (8-page, PDF)
by Anno Hein, Ioannis Karatasios, Noémi S. Müller, Vassilis Kilikoglou
Seeing the forest for the trees: Assessing technological variability inancient metallurgical crucible assemblages NEW (9-page, PDF)
by
Frederik W. Rademakers, Thilo Rehren
"Molds", impression plates
Copying in Antiquity: The Torslunda Plates NEW (12-page, PDF)
by
Morten Axboe
Construction
Positive and negative versions in the making of chip-carving ornament (13-page, PDF)
by Morten Axboe
The Manufacture of Viking Oval Brooches
by Archaeology in Europe *****
Ironmaking
Ironmaking
by The Ribe Vikinge Center (English site)
Eksperimenter med o ldtidens jernudvinding På Ribe Vikingecenter 1999 - 2004 (21-page report, PDF)
by
Michael S. Nissen
Metallurgy ****NEW
Arch-Metals Archaeo-Metallurgical Bibliography ***** NEW
- A full page of citations
Alchemy, chemistry and metallurgy in Renaissance Europe: a wider context for fire-assay remains (15-page, PDF) NEW
by
Marcos Martinón-Torres and Thilo Rehren
Various
Armourers and their Workshops: The Tools and Techniques of Late Medieval Armour Production (Volume 1)
by Nickolas Dupras
PhD Thesis, The University of Leeds, Institute for Medieval Studies,
November 2012 (558-page report, PDF)
Wayland: An Essay on Craft Production in the Early and High Middle Ages in Scandinavia (25-page, PDF)
by
Johan Callmer
"
Although the development of craft production largely follows an evolutionary pattern from simple to complex, it is necessary to differentiate between crafts requiring exclusive, profound knowledge and high skills, and crafts which are mainly a specialization of the kind of production normally pursued in a self-sufficient household. A characteristic feature of some highly qualified crafts in this period is that local demand is at such a low level that permanent local production is improbable. The solution to this problem of maintaining a very high level through frequent work is mobility, either permanent or during parts of the year. The crafts that are interesting in this connection are fine smithing, weapon smithing, casting and working of bronze, gold and silver, glass working and combmaking. The problematic relationship between the local power elite and the skilled craftsman is epitomized in the saga of Wayland. The political elite had to accept the relative freedom of the craftsman. Some of these crafts continued in the urban communities of the 11th century and later. They made up the core of the medieval urban craftsmen."
Birka nu. Pågående forskning om världsarvet Birka och Hovgården (228-page, PDF, 15 papers)
"Birka Now" Ongoing research on the World Heritage Birka and Hovgården
- VIKINGATIDA PÄRLHÄNGEN. Silvertrådens form och tillverkning (pp. 141-150) by
Sebastian K.T.S. Wärmländer & Linda Wåhlander
The Birka Warrior - the material culture of a martial society (120-page, PDF)
by Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson
Doctoral Thesis
Archaeological Science 2006
Stockholm University
An object of exchange: Brass bars and the routinization of Viking Age long-distance exchange in the Baltic area
by Søren Sindbæk (also, also)
- see page 57 for a chart,"Fig. 4. Stratigraphically fixed finds of bar fragments and fragments of moulds for bars (see p. 59 Catalogue 1 and 2)."
Viking Disruptions or Growing Integration? Contextualising Communication Networks in the 10th century North Sea
by Søren Sindbæk (also, also)
A Late Iron Age Silver Deposite Found at Nanguniemi, Inari, Finland (5-page, PDF)
by Eija Ojanlatva
Fennoscandia archaeologica XX (2003)
- This published article's PDF link is thanks to Charlotte Mayhew (a couple more great links to come). There are two B&W images in the article as well as great information and a reference list to check out.
"A silver deposit consisting of four neck-rings made of braided silver wires was found in September 2003 in the northernmost part of Nanguniemi cape in the municipality of Inari, Northern Finland. Nanguniemi is situated on the southern shore of Lake Inari, about 20 km north-east of Ivalo, and about 30 km east - south-east of Inari. All four silver neck-rings differ from each other. The study of the deposit has just begun and interpretations are still very much open."
Innovative Metals: Copper, Gold and Silver in the Black Sea Region and the Carpathian Basin During the 5th and 4th Millennium BC
by Svend Hansen
Making pilgrim badges at Mont-Saint-Michel
By Serge Mentelé and Françoise Labaune-Jean (Inrap)
"
An archaeological excavation at the entrance to Mont Saint-Michel abbey has found a workshop specialising in making lead-tin alloy objects for pilgrims." (...) "The number of pilgrim object moulds discovered is considerable (260 fragments in all). Some came from a ditch well sealed by successive levels and dated by a group of coins dating from the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries."
-Interesting for Metalsmiths
Stiftelsen Uppåkra Arkeologiska Center (English site)
- their Article Archive
Håndværksspor på yngre jernalders anløbspladser (12-page, PDF)
by
Jens Ulriksen
- from in 'Metalhåndværk og håndværkspladser frayngre germansk jernalder, vikingetid og tidligmiddelalder' GoogleTranslate: Metal crafts and craft pitches frayngre Germanic Iron Age, Viking and early medieval
Om två metallurgiska processer knutna till vikingatidens betalningsväsende (16-page, PDF)
by Anders Söderberg
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